Overview of Labor Relations Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Overview of Labor Relations - Research Paper Example Dissatisfied employees can involve in counterproductive activities such as theft, poor service, and sabotage among others. Research has shown that when employees are not satisfied, they experience tension, depression, and complain of stiffness in muscles and joints. This indicates that companies that apply procedural justice and distributive justice promote job satisfaction among the employees. The workers become more dedicated and committed to their service rendering, because they feel appreciated, and acknowledged. One feels pleased when his or her job is praised. This makes the employee more determined than ever to deliver up to the maximum for the sake of the company. Through procedural and distribution justice workers acquire job satisfaction which gives them peace to work, and make the company grow. Research indicates that when workers are not satisfied, the company will experience a high turnover intention where workers will look for new jobs elsewhere, or others may think of quitting. Companies that apply both procedural and distributive justice are likely to maintain their staff. This promotes the company’s policies because good skills and professionalism is maintained. Cost of hiring workers after a short period is decreased, and the growth of the firm becomes a priority. Bush (2009) indicates that management should therefore, embrace organizational justice policies so as to increase job satisfaction, commitment and reduce turnover intention. A good rapport is experienced between the management and the subordinates, and unity among the employees themselves. The company becomes more of a community than just a working place. Workers feel identified with the organization they are working for, because animosity and hatred is not experienced. The use of justice creates a strong foundation of cooperation and serves as a base for a better environment for interaction. If workers are treated unfairly, their incentives will be hindered, and they may work against each other’s interest. This may result in to conflicts and unstable interdependence between the employees and management. Fear and intimidation replaces the confidence, eventually, affecting production. Justice therefore, influences performance, improves information sharing, personal relationships, and planning becomes more efficient and efficient. This confirms that procedural and distributive justice has a positive implication on the company policies. Question 2 Mother Jones was born on first August eighteen thirty seven in Cork Island. She learned the skills of dressmaking. Jones met and married George, and they had four children who later died of yellow fever. During this period, women led quiet lives, and were committed to their families, but Jones went everywhere she pleased expressing herself publicly, something that was not allowed thereafter becoming the mother of the down trodden. She was a prominent labor, and community organizer serving in the united mine workers union. Research indicates that being a good speaker, she made her speeches with stories, humor and audience participation. She organized mine workers, and their families against the mine owners. Fetherling (2010), suggest that in 1903, Jones led children who were working in mills, and mines to demonstrate, demanding to go to school, and not to work, and

Human sexuality Essay Example for Free

Human sexuality Essay Psychology illustrates love as a cognitive and social phenomenon of feeling of intimacy. According to Robert Sternberg devised a triangular theory love and claimed that love has three constituents’ commitment, intimacy and passion. Intimacy is a form through which two individuals share self-assurances and various aspects of their personal lives and is normally portrayed in friendships and romantic love affairs. Commitment is the expectation that the love will be enduring. Passionate love is shown through infatuation and sexual attraction together with romantic love. All forms of love differ with regard to passion, commitment and intimacy. Psychology holds that in love there is attachment, bonds, ties and affinity. Biological representation of love perceives love as a mammalian drive similar to thirst. Biologists view love as influenced by hormones like oxytocin, pheromones and neutrophins and the thoughts and behavior of individuals regarding love. The conservative perception in bilgy regarding love n that there are two major drives in love attachment and sexual attraction. Attachment between grown-up is assumed t work on the same principles that make an infant to get attached to the mother. Lust is the early passionate seal desire which encourages mating and entails increased release of hormones such as estrogen and testosterone. Attraction is the more personalized and romantic desire to a particular for mating that develops through lust as a commitment to a person mate forms. Present neural studies have shown that when individuals fall in love, the brain constantly discharges a particular set of chemicals such as dopamine, serotonin, pheromones, and norepinephrine that work in the same way as amphetamines. This stimulates the brain enjoyment center resulting to side effects which include; lack of sleep, increased heart rate, and loss of appetite and intense feeling of anticipation. Since last and attraction are only temporary attachment is the next stage that endorses the relationship to last longer based on commitments to marriage and child bearing. Attachment is associated with high proportion production of oxytocin and vasopressin. There are also high levels of nerve growth factor when individuals fall in love. Christian understanding regarding love is that love originates from God. Christian’s theologians perceive God as the ultimate source of love which is reflected in human beings and their own loving associations. Two connotations of love in Christian faith are agape love which defines selfless, humane, charitable and unconditional love. It is this love that was demonstrated in parental love, and viewed in creating the world, it trough this love God demonstrates his love for humankind and is the same love which Christian desire for one another. Phileo is the human love to something wonderful also known as brotherly love. Christians consider that people should Love God will all their heart, mind, and strength and love their neighbor as they love themselves as the greatest commandment.

RUSSIA CULTURE :: essays research papers

Russian Culture   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Russia culture is very different from any other culture that I have ever read about. This is a country that is dominated by males. Males actually run the county of Russia. The men are so dominated that every Russian women dream is to be married and have a family with these men. Russia is known for its poor society. In the book Sakharov he mentions how he moved from one place to another. He first was in Moscow’s larger apartments with his family. In this apartment there were six families. With thin the six families they had to share the kitchen and the bathroom. Then he states that he moved into a very old house and in this old house there was a leaking ceiling. With in this house there were still six families that shared everything. (Sakharov 24-25)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In Russia there is a very high divorce rate. The divorce rate is high because of the prostitution and getting married just for religious purposes. My couples get married in Russia at a young age. Getting married at a young age is not a good idea in Russia or nowhere. Because of the prostitution rate in Russia it is bringing the abortion rate also. Just about every woman in Russia has had at least five abortions. The reason why woman get abortions is because they were either messing around with some one else man or they are married and got pregnant and neither of the spouses want the child.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Russia has a high crime rate also. Their crime rate is so high that if you were to go to the store like the grocery store, when you walk in the store u have to lock your things up in a locker and shop. When you got through shopping then you were to pick up your stuff out of your locker. The whole time that you are shopping there are people watching your every move. The reason why the crime rate is so high is because they work hard to get paid a little amount of money. Russia’s unemployment rate is very high. There are not enough jobs in Russia for everyone to have a job. For example if you were to get a job at a fast food restaurant, you were only getting paid a little or nothing an hour and that’s not even close to minuan wage in America.

Understanding The Yellow Wallpaper -- Yellow Wallpaper essays

Understanding The Yellow Wallpaper      Ã‚   There are more reported cases of clinical depression in women than their are in men. There is also, generalized in western cultures, a stereotype that women are fragile and should be more dedicated to maintaining the home, doing feminine things, that they shouldn't work, and be discouraged from intellectual thinking. In the Victorian period (1837-1901) aside from women's suffragette movements the Victorian woman usually upheld this stereotype of a well behaved wife, more or less a possession then an individual. However, there were a few who defied the odds and took it to heart to let the world know about the indifference's that they went through. Charlotte Perkins Gilman, feminist, was one of these women who used her writing to express the differences and hardships women went through. One of her more famous works, the Yellow Wallpaper, is known as both a feminist piece and a depiction of Victorian life and indifferences for women. It is a piece that can have controversial me anings that can be taken to heart to why Gilman ever wrote it.    "The Yellow Wallpaper" has a simple enough story, the woman is taken to a rented house to recover from a nervous depression that she was experiencing. The depression was something common in women of the time, especially in more upper class women with little to do. The antidote " the cure" was developed by a Weir Mitchell, for psychoneurosies, in theory a women should inhibit herself from any kind of work or thinking and to get as much fresh air as possible. The heroine is subjected to this cure. Having been confined to a room in the house she starts imagining things in the wallpaper that she hates so much. However, as the story progresses it i... ...it to show that kind of diversity. She probably wanted a release, to share her life, to get back at the Wier Cure, to show the injustice brought to women of the period and to probably just be creative. In finding reviews and biographies on Gilman one does not find too many bad words written on her. She is held as a very prestigious writer. As for the yellow wallpaper it really expands the minds and makes one have to sit back and analyze what was really going on.    Works Cited    Gilman, Charlotte Perkins. Why I Wrote "The Yellow Wallpaper"? http://www.cwrl.utexas.edu/ daniel/amlit/wallpaper/Whywrote.html    Korb, Rena. An Overview of "The Yellow Wallpgper," in Exploring Short Stories Literature Resource Center. Gale Research, 1998.    Stone, Les. Charlotte (Anna) Perkins (Stetson) Gilman. Contemporary A uthors Online. The Gale Group, 2000.

Promoting autonomy of oneself and others Essay

Introduction                     Autonomy is the ability to have the capacity for self-governance or have self- determination. This is a concept which comes out through various arenas. For example, the moral autonomy is usually governed by the moral laws ( Deci, 2010). Therefore, personal autonomy can be said to be the capacity of a person to pursue actions based on moral content. This paper will compare the philosophical work by Nietzsche and MacIntyre and determine who offers the best tool of promoting autonomy. Over the past centuries, the teachings of Friedrich Nietzsche have transformed and penetrated every realm of social culture in the Western world. In his essays, he examines the significance of people’s ability to make promises. He states that to hold to the promises made requires both confidence about the future and very powerful memory that will ensure that certain issues are not forgotten. According to Nietzsche confidence requires one to be predictable or calculable and, therefore, he or she must share common sets of customs and laws that govern his or her behaviour (Risse, 2001). The society and morality play an important part of making a person predictable, therefore, giving the person ability to make promises. This process according to Nietzsche is complicated as it ends up in the ‘sovereign person’ who can make decisions, not only because the person in question is bounded by social mores but because he or she is the master of his or her own free will. The sovereign of an individual is characterised by tremendous responsibilities of one being free to make claims in regard to his or her future. This sense of responsibility according to Nietzsche is called conscience (Risse, 2001). Nietzsche defines the concept of ‘bad conscience and guiltiness using German words for ‘debt’ and ‘guilt.’ He suggested that, originally, there were no relationship between guilt and accountability or immorality. Punishments were meted on the basis of reprisal and not on the basis of guilt. If a person failed to honour promises, then they were considered to be in debt the person they failed. The debt could then be balanced by punishing or torturing the person. This happened to a person say the creditor who had no interest of getting his money back from the debtor. Thus, the memory of making promises during this time was burdened and the punishments and cruelty ensured that the debtor does not forget his promises next time (Risse, 2001). Macintyre’s in his book, ‘After Virtue (1981)’ explains his long ethical project. The book diagnoses the rising issues in the society such as ‘culture of emotivism’ where the moral language pragmatically manipulates decisions, attitude and decision. According to the book, those moral cultures are said to be a theatre of illusion where the objectives of moral rhetoric masks the decisions. The books examine the part of the community in making the judgments about the truth or falsity. The work by MacIntyre also examines the reasons why human beings need virtues through investigating the social debts and needs of human agents and the part which they were playing in the formation of an independent practical person who can reason (Borden, 2007). The philosophy by Maclntyre’s is very important especially to the fields of communitarian politics and the virtues of ethics. He points out the insignificance of conventional business ethic as an application of the modern moral concepts in decision making. His work in philosophy has lead tremendous renewal of values over the last decades. For example, in his works his discusses the moral condemnation of Stalinism. His presentation of this concept draws two important conclusions related to morality, one is the fact of the people’s solidarity in discovering what people want in their moral life (Borden, 2007).. According to MacIntyre morality organises life of the community. As he concludes his book, he says that the concepts of morality are neither historical nor timeless and, therefore, the understanding the developments of historical, ethical concepts can liberate people from any falsity claims (Borden, 2007). MacIntyre’s Aristotelian offers the best tool of promoting autonomy of one self and others compared to Nietzsche because he examines the habits that humans should develop in order to make judgement and act efficiently in the pursuit of the true choices which have a worthy end. His examination has a very rich account on the deliberate activities by human that encompass moral formation and society life. He also accounts why humans have practical wisdom to do what is right based on the freedom of morality. References Borden, S. L. (2007). Journalism as practice: MacIntyre, virtue ethics and the press. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.. Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2010). The support of autonomy and the control of behavior. Journal of personality and social psychology, 53(6), 1024.Risse, M. (2001). The Second Treatise in In the Genealogy of Morality: Nietzsche on the Origin of the Bad Conscience. European Journal of Philosophy, 9(1), 55-81. Source document

Bram Stoker Essays

Bram Stoker Essays Bram Stoker Essay Bram Stoker Essay Essay Topic: Alice in Wonderland One miserably wet summer, Coraline Jones moves into a flat in an old house, with her parents who are too busy with work to pay much attention to her. She discovers a mysterious locked door in the drawing room of the flat; when she gets her mother to open the door, it swings open to reveal nothing but a brick wall. But one day, when bored and left alone in the flat by her mother, Coraline tries the door again, it opens to reveal a corridor leading to a flat quite like her own, but not quite.She ventures further into the flat, where she comes across her mother cooking in the kitchen, except her skin is paper white, she is taller and thinner, her fingers too long and her fingernails curved, sharp and dark red. The woman turns round; her eyes are big black buttons. She is the other mother and she is cooking food that smells awfully tasty. Coraline soon discovers that her father and her other neighbours in this strange world also have buttons for eyes, oh and the cat that hangs round the building can now talk.Coraline decides that this other world is rather more interesting than her own, but when told that she could stay, as long as she exchanged her own eyes for buttons, she decides that she could never do that and returns back home through the tunnel. However when she gets home she discovers that her real parents have disappeared under mysterious circumstances. Coraline soon realises that she will have to go back through the tunnel to rescue them.Back in the other mother’s world, the other mother soon learns that Coraline is not prepared to love her and she is thrown into the hallway mirror, where she meets three ghost children, who are also held captive. One tells Coraline, as she falls asleep, to look through the stone given to her earlier by Miss Spink and Miss Forcible, two of Coraline’s neighbours. The next day Coraline uses the stone in a game of challenge with the other mother; everyone will be released if Coraline can find their lost souls.Co raline finds the souls but she still has to find her parents and persuade the other mother to reopen the door to the tunnel between the two houses. Coraline does this by tricking the other mother to open the door, Coraline then grabs the snow globe which she has realised contains her parents and with the souls of the three children in her pocket and followed by the cat, she escapes through the tunnel. However, something else comes through the tunnel as well, the other mother’s hand, which wants the key to the doorway back. Coraline manages to get rid of the hand by ricking it into falling into the old well in the back garden. ANALYSIS: What’s up with the title? Coraline is named after the lead character in the story, Coraline Jones. Its a pretty basic title. But its important to notice that the title is just Coralines name. Many times, a book that features the main characters name in the title also mentions a few other things: think Alice in Wonderland, Harry Potter an d the fill-in-the-blank, Harold and the Purple Crayon. The title Coraline emphasizes Coraline the character above the wacky adventures shes going to have.Inspiration comes in many ways. Fictional characters can affect a real person’s life. Coraline was brave, independent, and showed great creativeness in the book titled Coraline by Neil Gaiman. Throughout the entire story, Coraline displayed a great amount of courage. After moving into a new home, this curious little girl ventured through a door that was never meant to be opened. She met her other mother that had the desire to sow buttons into Coralines eyes. Coraline stood up for herself and said no, and that takes courage. Although Coraline was only about nine years old, she saved her parents.She re-entered the tunnel, after her other mother captured her real parents, without fear. Coraline defended herself from the other mother and slammed the door right in her face to escape. Like many kids these days, Coraline had to do several things alone or by herself. Coraline made her own dinner and her own decisions. When her parents were busy with work, Coraline often played by herself. She thought for herself and didnt allow the other mother control her thoughts and actions. Coraline was wise beyond her years. Although the other mother tried to cover up the bad with good, Coraline saw right through it.She outsmarted the other mother and tricked the other mother’s hand, that was after her soul seeing stone, to jump in the well. Coraline is an inspiring character who made me think about my life. I also do not wish to live in a perfect world. She reminded me to be bold when things get tough and that one should keep fighting. Coraline was an independent thinker. She saw the situation for what it truly was. Things arent always as they appear. Who is the narrator, can she or he read minds, and, more importantly, can we trust her or him?The narrative technique in Coraline is third person limited, which mean s that a narrator tells us the story, focusing mostly on one character. In this particular case, an adult narrator tells us Coralines story. This is a pretty common narrative technique for books that star children. Having an adult narrator tell us a childs story can give us a little more depth; sometimes adults can see the big picture a little more than kids. Also, its usually just easier for an adult to write from an adults point of view! Gaimans use of third person narration also gives us an important outsider perspective on Coraline.Coraline is often the only character on the page; she doesnt get to have a ton of conversations with other people (except the cat, of course). Having the story narrated in the third person gives us that outsider perspective wed otherwise be missing, without losing insight into Coralines inner thoughts. The other mother created a world that she thought Coraline would want. So what does the other world tell us about Coraline and what she wishes for? Cor alines parents are really busy and tend to ignore her; shes often left alone to entertain herself and even take care of herself. That doesnt sound like the best family set-up.But then Coraline discovers an alternate set of parents who pay her tons of attention and cook her delicious food. Sounds like a good trade, right? Well, Coraline quickly figures out that its a rotten deal. Her own parents might have their flaws, but theyre still her parents. And Coraline loves them enough to fight hard to get them back from the cruel other mother. Coraline teaches us that, when it comes down to it, family is irreplaceable. What do you think was the bravest thing Coraline did in the novel? Upon her return to her apartment, Coraline finds her real parents are missing.They do not return the next day, and the black cat wakes her and takes her to a mirror in her hallway, through which she can see her trapped parents. They signal to her by writing Help Us on the glass, from which Coraline deduces th e Other Mother has kidnapped them. Though frightened of returning, Coraline goes back to the Other World to confront the Other Mother and rescue her parents. What is the writing style of the novel? This story includes a lot of Coralines thoughts, and the narrator chimes in with some reflections, too. As a result, the style can get a little poetic sometimes. Someone had once told her that if you look up at the sky from the bottom of a mine shaft, even in the brightest daylight, you see a night sky and stars. Coraline wondered if the hand could see stars from where it was. (13. 71)† Their thoughts are sometimes more poetic than the words they actually get to say aloud. By recording Coralines thoughts, then, Gaiman affects the style of his whole book. What’s the tone of the story? Even though theres a third person narrator, we get most of the story from Coralines point of view, hearing her thoughts and her feelings.This means that Coraline herself pretty much determines th e tone of the novel. All the tones we get come largely from Coralines own emotions: when shes scared, or relieved, or bored, or excited, we hear it. Why buttons? The black button eyes of the other mother are probably the most iconic or well-known image to come out of Coraline. â€Å"They were looking at her with their black button eyes. Or at least she thought they were looking at her. She couldnt be sure. (4. 128)† These eyes are definitely creepy. The black button eyes let us know that were in the other world and highlight how disturbing it is.Buttons are a seemingly harmless object, but in the other world, they become sinister and threatening. In fact, turning nice things into threatening things seems to be one of the main functions of the other world and the beldam herself. These buttons essentially act like masks. Coraline cant tell if her other parents are watching her and she cant get any clues through their eyes as to what theyre thinking. Because we see so much throu gh peoples eyes, these buttons hide the humanness of the people wearing them (if theyre even human at all), preventing us from really knowing a person.For this reason, Coralines other mother could never really be known, or loved, by the children she kidnaps. What’s the meaning of the key? The key into the other world becomes a hot commodity, or item, in the story. Theres only one key to the door between the other world and our world. And the other mother and Coraline both want to control that key. The appearance of the key can help us understand what it represents. Compared to the other keys, its the oldest, biggest, blackest, rustiest key (1. 51). Its different from all the other keys, just like the other world is different from the real world.In this way, the key seems to represent the other world: old and ugly. Usually when we think of keys, we think of unlocking something or opening something up. Coraline certainly does this when she finds the other world. But if keys can unlock, they can also lock you in. Eek! Thats more what Coraline is about – the fear of being trapped somewhere you dont want to be. So how do we eliminate the fear of being trapped? Well, trap the key itself! And thats exactly what Coraline does. What is the author telling us about our identity?When youre totally on your own – like Coraline is – you need to have a super strong sense of self to get you through things. In Coraline, our heroine doesnt have friends or family to rely on, so she learns this lesson pretty quickly. She doesnt need other people to know her in order to know herself: even if everyone forgets her name, it doesnt mean she isnt Coraline. And of course, other peoples identities become an issue for Coraline, too. Who is the other mother? What is the other mothers identity in relation to Coralines real mothers identity? And the three ghost children?Can they have identities if they dont even have names? Coraline is struggling with all of these questions, all the while trying to save the day. Impressive. What up with the ending? Coraline overcomes great odds, defeats the evil other mother, saves her parents, and rescues the trapped souls of three children. Pretty impressive, dont you think? So why doesnt this book end with everyone throwing Coraline a parade to celebrate her awesomeness? Well, Coraline may have triumphed against evil, but she did it alone. And now she has to enjoy her victory alone, too.No one else even knows what happened to Coraline: her parents dont remember their time trapped by the other mother and the neighbors didnt notice anyone was missing. But even if no one else is paying attention, Coraline is still content. She has learned a lot during the story, and shes much more confident by the end of it, so why does it matter if anyone else knows? Shes happy to just drift off into a happy dream, remembering the friends she met in the other world. Coraline is mainly about Coraline herself; so it only makes sense that the end focuses on, well, Coraline.Is it any good? Author Neil Gaiman is well known in the world of adult literature, but this is his first book for children. Its a strange, surrealistic tale, fun for kids who like their stories creepy. The black-and-white illustrations by Dave McKean are correspondingly sinister. Not everything will make sense to young readers, nor will they find the emotional heart that marks childrens classics but they will find Coraline to be a brave character who uses her smarts to not only save herself, but also others the Other Mother trapped. Plus, the plot rolls long fairly unpredictably and with a few good scares. Not awe-inspiring, but entertaining enough. Coraline by Neil Gaiman is a weird and delightfully scary fairy tale / ghost story. I call it delightfully scary because while it grips the readers attention with creepy happenings that may cause a case of the shivers, it is not the kind of scary book that lead to nightmares of the it could happen to me kind. I recommend Coraline for 8- to 12-year-olds. Although the main character is a girl, this tale will appeal to both boys and girls who enjoy weird and scary (but not too scary) tales.Because of all of the dramatic happenings, Coraline is also a good read-aloud for 8- to 12-year-olds. Why shoud I care to read? Have you ever been afraid of anything? Not like monsters-in-the-closet afraid, but really, truly how-am-I-going-to-get-through this afraid? Were thinking about that time you were in a play and had to get up on stage in front of your whole school and recite your lines. Or the first time you went to camp and had to say goodbye to your parents. Or even the time you were home alone during a thunderstorm and you had to stay calm for your little brother.One of these things has happened to all of us – and how did we get through it? We did it anyway. If we hadnt gotten on stage, gone to camp, or comforted our brother, we would have never gotten over our fears. We wouldnt have been brave. Coraline is a story of bravery, and according to Coraline herself, being brave is when youre scared but you still do it anyway (5. 80). Coralines bravery might be the epic, fairy tale kind: she does fight monsters, after all. But Coraline teaches us that bravery comes in all forms.Bravery can be going back to get your glasses near a wasps nest. It can even be just going to school. If youre scared and you do it anyway, youre brave. Coraline reminds us that we dont need to ride a BMX over a box jump or poke a raccoon with a stick to be brave. Bravery can be a much more everyday occurrence. No matter what it is, if we do it, well gain confidence and feel better about ourselves after – just like Coraline did. Thats not to say its easy (and neither was battling the other mother), but thats what makes it worth it.

The two Party System essays

The two Party System essays The United States is considered a two-party system which are the Democratic and Republican parties. There are third-parties in the United States, but are not as known the two parties the Democratic and Republican parties have been around The Democratic-Republican Party was established during the 1790's under the leadership of Thomas Jefferson and James Madison. It was generally called the Republican Party, but it has no relation to today's Republican Party, founded in 1854. People from a variety of backgrounds formed the Democratic Party to oppose the policies of the Federalist Party, led by Alexander Hamilton. The Federalists wanted a strong national government controlled by the upper classes. The Democratic Party favored a weak national government. They believed that all the people should take part in the process of government. The Federalist Party or the Republican Party was one of the first political organizations in the United States. The Federalists controlled the nation's government from 1789 to 1801. They favored a strong central government, a large peacetime army and navy, and a stable financial system. There are many differences between the parties two of them are; the nature of the distribution of power in the parties: in the Republican party, power flows from the top down, where as the opposite is true in the Democratic party. Their attitudes to themselves with notice to holding office differ; the Republicans, in many ways is the same way as the Conservative party in Britain, they see themselves as the natural party of power, and regard themselves as insiders even when out of power. The Democrats are very much outsiders, even when they do hold power. These key features explain the great differences in the way in which the inner politics of the parties are conducted, regardless of the final policies adopted, both parties face the same institutional restrictions on ...

Atticus Finch Biography

Atticus Finch Biography Atticus Finch is one of the greatest fictional figures in American literature. Both in the book and in the film, Atticus stands larger-than-life, bold-and-courageous against the falsehood and injustice. He risks his life and his career (seemingly without care), as he defends a black man against charges of rape (which were based on lies, fear, and ignorance). Where Atticus Appears (and Inspiration for This Character): Atticus first appears in Harper Lees only novel, ​​To Kill a Mockingbird. He is said to have been based on Lees own father,  Amasa Lee, (which puts a possible autobiographical slant to this famous novel). Amasa held a number of positions (including a bookkeeper and financial manager)he also practiced law in Monroe County, and his writing explored race-relations topics. When he prepared for the role of Atticus Finch in the film version,  Ã¢â‚¬â€¹Gregory Peck went to Alabama and met Lees father. (He appears to have died in 1962, the same year the Academy-Award-winning film was released). His Relationships During the course of the novel, we discover that his wife died, though we never find out how she died. Her death has left a gaping hole in the family, which has been (at least partially) filled by their housekeeper/cook (Calpurnia, a stern disciplinarian). There is no mention of Atticus in relation to other women in the novel, which seems to suggest that he is focused on doing his job (making a difference, and pursuing justice), while he raises his children, Jem (Jeremy Atticus Finch) and Scout (Jean Louise Finch). His Career   Atticus is a Maycomb lawyer, and he appears to be descended from an old local family. Hes well-known in the community, and he appears to be well respected and liked. However, his decision to defend Tom Robinson against the false charges of rape lands him in a great deal of trouble. The Scottsboro Case, a legal court case involving nine black accused and convicted under extremely dubious evidence, occurred in 1931when Harper Lee was five-years-old. This case is also an inspiration for the novel.

Jean Watson's Theory of Caring Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Jean Watson's Theory of Caring - Essay Example Furthermore, she also presented a wonderful theory under the title â€Å"Carative Theory of Nursing†, where she has depicted divergent features and characteristics of nursing by paying special concentration upon the displaying sympathetic attitude towards the patients. She also authored books on the discipline, where she laid stress upon the significance of the behavior of the medical staff in the fast recovery of the patients. Watson presented his famous theory of caring in 1979, where she declares caring as an essential element to save the life of the patient. She is of the opinion that care is not confined to look after the patient under treatment according to the instructions issued by the hospital management or by the senior medical officials. On the contrary, caring contains complete code of ethics and morality in its wide scope, which includes complete involvement of the nurses in the personal, mental, physical, professional and even domestic problems of the patients fo r the creation of an amicable environment for sharing the pains and sufferings the patients are undergoing. Watson looks for the complete care of the diet and nutrition of the patient, which is not confined to the providing of diet only. Rather, a healthy and beneficial food is a must during the disease, so that the ailment could be mitigated with the use of healthy diet including fruits, meet, vegetables and nuts. It is particularly the case with the patients suffering from stomach problems and dehydration. The care of the patient with gastrointestinal disease is complex and challenging. The reasons for the complexity are varied and different for each patient. Any of these variables can affect the nutritional health of the patient, an essential element of care that supports healing, recovery, and improved quality of life. (Childs, 2006) Watson has coined the notion intentionality, where she looks for observing of sincere efforts for the cure of the patients. The nurse’s mora l commitment, intentionality, and personal use of the clinical caritas protect, enhance and potentiate human dignity, wholeness, and healing: this encourages the patient to create (or really, co-create) a meaning of a disease and treatment.† (Conway et al., 2010) Hence, if a nurse takes attending of the patients as an undue burden upon her, she would be unable to create and offer a pleasant environment to them. Consequently, the patients’ sufferings could not be mitigated while working with an iron face. On the other hand, such unpleasant environment may enhance their ailment in one way or the other. Thus, a nurse’s intentions pave the way towards the fast and unconditional convalescence of the patient. Watson also lays stress upon the strict exercising of care-giving and human values. By care-giving she simply means that the relation between the counselor and patient must be developed on the concrete foundations of trust, respect and affection, so that the patie nt could be in a position to provide the details of his illness along with the case history leading

Strategic management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words - 1

Strategic management - Essay Example Aims of an organization. The way by which an organization can serve its clients, suppliers, distributers, shareholders and other stakeholders. Present organization’s situation in terms of explaining their business segment. It can include the declaration of organization’s core purpose of existing. Sense of Mission Sense of Mission creates a strong behaviour among the individuals so that they can fulfil their Mission of life. Creating the â€Å"Sense of Mission† is not creating the purpose only but it helps to achieve the purpose. â€Å"Sense of Mission† is a very important marketing principle. It states that an organization must define its mission in such a way that it should not only focus on their product and profit. They should focus on the broader social concept rather than the mere product orientation. The new generation managers are trained with a sense of social responsibility and they have a passion for achieving of bigger causes. Corporate Social R esponsibility Every organization has some obligations towards its society in which it operates. Every organization should take some initiatives to work for the environment. CSR is the contribution of an organization to the society. Corporate Social responsibility means sustaining the equilibrium between economic welfare of the organization with the social welfare. The trade off between two components can provide a balance sustainable growth for the organization. Many companies are engaged in serving the society through their corporate social responsibility. Following ethics and serving responsibility towards its society is an important part of the today’s business. For this analysis, Pepsi-Co organization has been chosen. Pepsi Co Ins. Is a multinational food and beverage company headquarter is in New York, USA. They are in the manufacturing, distribution and marketing of food items and beverages and other products also. PepsiCo started its business after the merger of Pepsi- Coca and Frito-Lay. Now PepsiCo has expanded their business in many dimensions. In 2012, Pepsi-Co was able to generate more than $1 billion of retail sales. PepsiCo is the second largest food and beverage company in the World. The Mission of Pepsi-Co is to be the World’s premier consumer products in foods and beverages. Their Mission is to serve financial benefits to its investors, the opportunities for growth to their employees, business partners, other stakeholders and the society in which they operate. They want to achieve this mission in the right ethical way with honesty and transparency. PepsiCo has a strong sense of mission also. Their sense of mission states that they are not focusing on the product orientation, they focus on Customer orientation. They emphasise on satisfaction of the customers. The focus of achievement is very strong. Not only the customization but also they believe that serving customers consistently and efficiently can create a stable customer rela tionship management. Retaining customers sometimes causes a conflict between its short term objectives. Pepsi-Co‘s sense of mission says that they are not in the business for profit purpose only but their goal is to serve people (Randall, 2008, p.45). Objectives including CSR: Pepsi-Co supports continual growth of shareholders. Their objective is to use best class design for packaging. Meets value, cost and performance criteria for customer satisfaction. Maintaining hygiene standards. Strives for least environmental footprint. Pepsi-Co strives for

It's all provided in the instructions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

It's all provided in the instructions - Essay Example Therefore, by 1815 the revolution was not a success, but an ongoing struggle. Rousseau advocated for pure democracy as was practiced in Greek in the ancient period. The idea of democracy enlightened the French people after the effect of American struggle for independence. In 1792 groups of bourgeoisie called the Jacobins agitated for an establishment of a republic and thus abolish a monarchy. They did this by campaigning against the constitutionalists, monarchists and moderates. In this year, 1792, France threatened Austria with war and regarded all government as an enemy of the monarchy because it was threatened and feared the support of the bourgeoisie by external government to instigate another revolt. However, in early 1793, the monarch was overthrow and executed by the French Republic was established (Beeler et al., 2011) In February 1793, the French Republic was engaging in war with most of the countries in Europe. The Edict of Fraternity advocated for all the people of Europe to be in opposition to their leaders of all sphere including spiritual and secular rulers. The French Republic promised to support such liberation because they believed to have found a solution to political, economic and social problems. They believed in practicing equality, liberty and fraternity (Beeler et al., 2011). Therefore, the new Republican leadership foregone reforming France and benefit its people to spread the ideas of republicanism. They also feared on how to conduct domestic reform, which was desperately, needed in the country. By 1799, Europe was in constant fighting one revolution war to another. It was regarded as the fight between the French and the rest of Europe because the ideas of social equality, democracy and nationalism had root in the French Republic. On November, Napoleon captured power and he declared himself the emperor. He was later crowned as the Emperor and ruled

Performance Appraisal and Employee Performance Dissertation

Performance Appraisal and Employee Performance - Dissertation Example 53 List of Figures and Appendices Figure 1: Preference of companies for different performance appraisal measures†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 32 Figure 2: Satisfaction levels of employee on different measures†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 32 Figure 3: Factors influencing motivation of employees†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦... 34 Figure 4: Alternative measures in influencing employee performance†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 35 Appendix 1: The Gantt Chart†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.... 46 Appendix 2: Questionnaire†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 47 I. Executive Summary Organizations in the modern times are all the more improving and adopting new measures towards their performances. Performance management has always been an integral part of every organization dealing with the employee performance study and determining ways to improve the employee performances. The current study deals with an understanding of the capability of a performance appraisal system in influencing the employee performance within an organization. The focus of the study has been to understand whether there is a need to incorporate alternative measures within organizations to effectively influence organizational employees. The study has taken both primary and secondary sources as its study materials. While the secondary sources based on the previous researches conducted on the concerned topic, the primary sources were based on the interviews and survey responses conducted on some of the companies in London, the participants being the organizational members and managers. The complete study has clearly reflected the fact that although performa nce appraisal systems are doing well and are quite significant in... From this dissertation it is clear that employees are an organization’s most important assets. Their satisfaction, good performance, positive attitude, creativity, adaptability etc. are very important for the growth of any organization. Human Capital in an organization does not refer simply to the people working for an organization. It can be seen in terms of the total collective worth of the capabilities, skill-sets, prior-experiences, knowledge and motivation present in an organizational workforce. Human capital is of supreme importance in organizations mainly because of the huge cost that is incurred on them and also because of the fact that if properly guided, human capital has the power to take an organization to a much higher level. Going by the huge amount of literature available on this topic, it can be said that the idea of monitoring and guiding the performance of both, an individual and the organization as a whole, is not a new concept. The origin of performance man agement can be traced back to the period of First World War when the assessment used to have the personality of the individual as the criteria of assessment. During the 1960s, the appraisal practice shifted its focus towards the setting of organizational goals and assessing an individual on the basis of performance related competencies and not personality. The late years of 1980 and the whole of 1990 witnessed the organizations undergoing a lot of quick change. During this period, the appraisal system had become the core process of managing the workforce and the organization as a whole.

Presentation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Presentation - Essay Example Ernie Davis’s refusal to do this caused all his white teammates to boycott the banquet. Ernie Davis also won the MVP title in the Liberty Bowl. One year yare, in 1961, Ernie Davis won the Heisman Trophy. This trophy meant a lot for Ernie Davis given he was the first athlete of the African American race ever to win the Heisman Trophy. In the year 1979, Ernie Davis was introduced into the College Football Hall of Fame. All his achievements, titles, and awards carried a special meaning for Ernie Davis because he had won them by fighting dual challenge of showing marvelous performance in the games and prejudice against the black athletes in the south. John F. Kennedy passed a salute to Ernie Davis saying, â€Å"Seldom has an athlete been more deserving of such a tribute. Your high standards of performance on the field and off the field, reflect the finest qualities of competition, sportsmanship and citizenship†¦I salute you† (Kennedy cited in â€Å"Ernie

Performance Appraisal and Employee Performance Dissertation

Performance Appraisal and Employee Performance - Dissertation Example 53 List of Figures and Appendices Figure 1: Preference of companies for different performance appraisal measures†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 32 Figure 2: Satisfaction levels of employee on different measures†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 32 Figure 3: Factors influencing motivation of employees†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦... 34 Figure 4: Alternative measures in influencing employee performance†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 35 Appendix 1: The Gantt Chart†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.... 46 Appendix 2: Questionnaire†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 47 I. Executive Summary Organizations in the modern times are all the more improving and adopting new measures towards their performances. Performance management has always been an integral part of every organization dealing with the employee performance study and determining ways to improve the employee performances. The current study deals with an understanding of the capability of a performance appraisal system in influencing the employee performance within an organization. The focus of the study has been to understand whether there is a need to incorporate alternative measures within organizations to effectively influence organizational employees. The study has taken both primary and secondary sources as its study materials. While the secondary sources based on the previous researches conducted on the concerned topic, the primary sources were based on the interviews and survey responses conducted on some of the companies in London, the participants being the organizational members and managers. The complete study has clearly reflected the fact that although performa nce appraisal systems are doing well and are quite significant in... From this dissertation it is clear that employees are an organization’s most important assets. Their satisfaction, good performance, positive attitude, creativity, adaptability etc. are very important for the growth of any organization. Human Capital in an organization does not refer simply to the people working for an organization. It can be seen in terms of the total collective worth of the capabilities, skill-sets, prior-experiences, knowledge and motivation present in an organizational workforce. Human capital is of supreme importance in organizations mainly because of the huge cost that is incurred on them and also because of the fact that if properly guided, human capital has the power to take an organization to a much higher level. Going by the huge amount of literature available on this topic, it can be said that the idea of monitoring and guiding the performance of both, an individual and the organization as a whole, is not a new concept. The origin of performance man agement can be traced back to the period of First World War when the assessment used to have the personality of the individual as the criteria of assessment. During the 1960s, the appraisal practice shifted its focus towards the setting of organizational goals and assessing an individual on the basis of performance related competencies and not personality. The late years of 1980 and the whole of 1990 witnessed the organizations undergoing a lot of quick change. During this period, the appraisal system had become the core process of managing the workforce and the organization as a whole.

Terry v Ohio Stop Question Frisk Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Terry v Ohio Stop Question Frisk - Essay Example In conducting a stop and frisk, police officers are acting on a reasonable suspicion that either the officers or others are in danger of being harmed. In such circumstances, police officers may conduct a reasonable search of the individual for weapons. This investigatory power exists independent of whether or not there is probable cause for affecting an arrest or whether or not the officers in question are entirely sure that the person is actually armed and dangerous (Terry v Ohio 1968). The US Supreme Court defined the circumstances in which a stop, question and frisk would not exceed the boundaries of the Fourth Amendment. First, while warrants for search and seizure are the preferred way, there are times where police officers must act quickly and in such a case a stop and frisk may be appropriate. Secondly, the search and seizure must be reasonable in the circumstances and reasonableness is judged from the perspective of the reasonable â€Å"man of caution† (Terry v Ohio 1968). Thirdly, a stop and frisk is appropriate when the police officer in question is investigating a reasonably suspicious behavior. Fourthly, in such circumstances, if the police officer perceives that the individual acting suspiciously is armed, the officer may conduct a reasonable search to determine whether or not this is the case. Fifthly, where an officer is justified in searching/frisking the individual for weapons, where there is no probable cause for arrest, the frisk must corre spond with the circumstances of the case. Finally, in all circumstances where an officer reasonably fears that there is danger such an officer may â€Å"make an intrusion short of arrest† (Terry v Ohio 1968). According to Stolarik (2013), the practice of stopping, questioning and frisking by New York City Police has gotten out of control and there has been significant controversy over whether or not these practices are consistent with the protection against unreasonable search and seizure under

Shoplifting is a crime born of poverty Essay Example for Free

Shoplifting is a crime born of poverty Essay Shoplifting means someone involve stealing from the shop during business hour. Shoplifting is an old problem for merchants. There are lots of reasons to shoplift, range from very poverty and satisfy the desires or mental illness. Although there are lots of anti-shoplifting devices in place and the increase in police patrols and offers the retailers guidance on preventive measures, the rate of shoplifting in the world is still increasing. According to the Home Office crime statistics, there was a 10 percent increase in shoplifting in United Kingdom in the year of 2009. According to the Global Retail Theft Barometer research (2009), total global shoplifting in 41 participating countries costs economic lost for around $114,823 billion. Therefore, shoplifting is a serious problem not just in the United Kingdom. The statistics from the Home Office and the research form the Centre for Retail Research showed that the shoplifting is being a serious problem in contemporary society, and this essay is going to discuss, is shoplifting is a crime born of poverty. If not, then what is the reason for people to shoplift? For the issue of shoplifting is a crime born of poverty, there are several factors that may related to the increase of shoplifting and the argument of shoplifting is a crime born of poverty, such as high unemployment rate, Maslow’s Hierarchy of needs theory, underclass and the relationship between capitalism and crime. Against the issue of shoplifting is a crime born of poverty, there are several factors against the argument, such as peer pressure in adolescent, drug addict, psychological elements or other adolescent psychological factors. The rest of the essay is going to analysis all the factors either for or against. According to Maslow’s Hierarchy of needs theory, this is a theory in psychology and proposed by Abraham Maslow in his 1943 paper A Theory of Human Motivation. Figure1: Maslows Hierarchy of Needs His theories parallel many other theories of human development psychology and focuses on describing the stages growth in humans. He presented his theory in a pyramid and defined the stages with Physiological, Safety, Love/belonging, Esteem and Self-actualization needs to explain the pattern that human motivations pass through. The base floor of the hierarchy  represented basic human need, which are breathing, food, water, sex, sleep, homeostasis and excretion. These are necessary for human to survive in order to achieve the upper level of human wants. Moving on to the next part, which is safety needs and it included security of body, employment, resources, morality, the family, health and property. This part represents a civilization of human beings, which they are chasing for a better living standard. Then next part is Love or belonging needs, which are friendship, family and sexual intimacy. After that, Esteem needs included self-esteem confidence, achievement, respect of others and respect by others. The last part is self-actualization needs, which included morality, creativity, spontaneity, problem solving, lack of prejudice and acceptance of facts. This is the ethical and spiritual level that Maslow believed. Taking Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs as an accurate portrayal of individual evolution, we could apply that to the evolution of human society, which included economically, socially and politically. Therefore the argument of this essay can be clearly explained. If a person lives without food, water and homeostasis, he may not be able to reach the upper levels of the pyramid, which included morality, safety and self-actualization. Therefore, he will commit crime like shoplifting or theft to get what he needs to survive. Most of the humans’ lacks of physiological needs are in poverty. Thus shoplifting can be said as a crime born of poverty in Maslow’s Hierarchy of needs theory. Secondly, the relationship between capitalism and crime is a factor that makes shoplifting a crime born of poverty. Capitalism is an economic system that favours private ownership. In other words, capitalism is a system of economics under which ownership of and investment in the means of exchange, distribution and production. Therefore, most capitalism countries have the problem of inequality, which mean the gap between the rich and the poor. According to urban dictionary, capitalism is an imbalanced mechanism for distributing power where the rich and powerful get richer and more powerful, the poor get poorer. According to BBC News (2009), United Kingdom is a capitalism country, the gap between the rich and poor is very serious in UK, and the richest fifth of the population had an income 16 times greater than the poorest fifth. According to the National Equality Panel (NEP) report (2008), United States and United Kingdom are in the top 10 of inequality countries, which mean the gap between rich and poor  is very big. The rate of shoplifting in United State and United Kingdom are increasing, which means inequality will make poor people committed crime. In capitalism countries, when the gap between rich and poor become wider, the rate of crime will increase. Because capitalism is an idea that rich peoples use money to buy goods then sell to gain money but poor people don’t have money to buy goods in order to sell to gain money, so they committed shoplifting and sell the things that they stole in order to survive. Thirdly, Murray (1990) explained that there are three main characteris tics of underclass, which are illegitimacy, violent crime and economic inactivity. Shoplifting is an activity, which is economic inactive. Murray (1990) has also explained that the morally weak underclass that is unemployed is usually involved in crime and drug addiction. By analysis, the Murray research, the crime committed in shoplifting which is unemployed. According to The New York Times (2012), a single mother committed shoplifting and sells the goods in order to survive because the government had passed the 1996 welfare reform law. This case showed that there are people shoplifting because of poverty. Then, some people committed shoplifting because lack of clear purpose in life. These kinds of people often under unemployment, therefore, they live below poverty level. According to the research done by Mcshane, Lawless and Noonan (1991), 70 apprehended shoplifter aged between 18 and 88 compared to 70 undergraduate non-shoplifters, they found that shoplifters were most likely to live in poverty, to be socially isolated and not to aware psychological stressors th an those who do not shoplift. This research showed that people who live long-term under the poverty level lacks the purpose in life. Therefore, the research done by Mcshane, Lawless and Noonan (1991) proven shoplifting is a crime born of poverty. Finally, according to the UK Office For National Statistics (2012), the unemployment rate in United Kingdom was last reported at 8.3 per cent and it rose steadily. The unemployment rate has explained that the reason people shoplift is because of economic. Although the government have unemployment benefit, there are lots of people who are unemployed but do not meet the requirement to get the unemployment benefit. Therefore, shoplifting in United Kingdom still increases. The study of Ray and Briar (1988) included 200 court records and 382 self-reports and showed that shoplifters were more likely to have lower family income, be unemployed  believe that economic need causes shoplifting. However, there are lots of people who shoplift to satisfy their desires and some of them might pursue excitiement by shoplifting. Shoplifting is a psychological issue for a group of people. According to the articles National Association for Shoplifting Prevention (2006), the single largest psychological factors in around one-third of shoplifters are experiencing depression. Geyer (2001) also explained that most of the shoplifting offender is due to psychological factions. Therefore, most of the shoplifters committed shoplifting because of psychological issues more than because they are poor. Besides, according to Tonglet (2002), the decision to shoplift is influenced by social factors, pro-shoplifting attitudes, opportunities for shoplifting and perceptions of low risks in being caught. He described that shoplifting is consumer misbehaviour. BBC News Magazine (2012) also described that there is a new wave of middle-class shoplifter is targeting some high-end delicacies from stores and supermarket to have a lifestyle that they could no longer afford. The society believed that this development is caused by the ec onomic recession. On the other hand, teen’s problem is also a very important factor of shoplifting. According to the National Crime Prevention Council (2006), there are 25% of people committed shoplifting between the ages of thirteen and seventeen. The following essay is going to analysis and explain the reason that people shoplifting apart from poverty. Adolescent shoplifting is a nationwide rising problem. According to Moschis, Dena and Anthony (1990) experiment, they have surveyed 1692 teenagers from age 10 to 17 investigating shoplifting behaviour, family occupational status, rule breaking behaviour and perceived reasons for adolescent shoplifting. The result showed that shoplifting rate between the age 10 and 15 rose steadily and declined between the age 15 and 17. Moschis, Dena and Anthony (1990) concluded that there are few reasons explained that why teens shoplifting, such as chasing for excitement, peer pressure and attracting attention. For the reason of chasing for excitement, most of the teens got lots of time when they were bored and didn’t have anything better to do, they will pretend shoplifting to gain excitement. For the reason of peer pressure, it is playing a very important role on adolescent shoplifting. When their peers get a pair of expensive name brands shoes or clothes, the others will try to keep up with their peers and wear the latest. Other than that, electronics  also very popular, such as mp3 player, console, phone and other small expensive items. Most teens want to get the best and the latest leisure fashion and electronics to compete with their peers so they are faced with the lack of money to satisfy their desires, they may turn to shoplifting. Steven Gerrard said, â€Å"Being a young lad it’s hard not to give into peer pressure. I stole to fit in. I grabbed a few pens paper from Woolworths made a dash for the door but the security guy grabbed me.† Steven Gerrard is an England soccer hero, he confessed that he stole pens and nabbed by cops when he was in his early teens. This case strongly influenced that shoplifting isn’t a crime born of poverty. At last, the parent attention, many parents were very busy in their work in contemporary society so they will lack of care of their children. The child will do something in order to attract their parents’ attention. The second component that people committed shoplifting is drug users. According a study of Arrestees (2005), the study confirmed that shoplifting was the most frequent crime amongst drug users. This group of people shoplifting showed that they need to shoplift in order to fund their drug habit. Drug users usually resell the things that they steal or attempt a cash refund. The study also showed that alcohol is also a main component in shoplifting. According to BBC News (2012), most cases of shoplifting by what psychologists describe as â€Å" non-professional shoplifter â€Å", and most of them shoplifting to feed their alcohol addiction. Both drug addict and alcoholic people committed shoplifting in order to feed their drug and alcohol addiction not because of they are poverty. Thirdly, Kleptomania is an impulse control disorder, major depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder or bipolar disorder. Although there are very few of shoplifters fall into this category, this type of shoplifters has a psychological compulsion to shoplifting to satisfy their desires. They will commit shoplifting whenever the urge hits. According to Tasman (2011), he explained that people with Kleptomania often report the shoplifting act and they feel of pleasure after committed shoplifting. This kind of people shoplifting is because of mental illness, most of them did not think themselves as a crime after committed shoplifting. But in contemporary society, the law enforcement agencies treated them as normal crime. As a conclusion, to discuss whether or not shoplifting is a crime born of poverty, as it has countless factors causing  people to shoplift and lots of factor proved that shoplifting is born of poverty. Almost all of the reasons that support the argument are around economic and policy, such as the unemployment rate, the unemployment welfare, capitalism and the economic depression. In another word, if the government are to carry out well policy, the shoplifting rate will decrease. Therefore, the government plays a very important role in decreasing the rate of shoplifting. On the other hand, most of the shoplifters committed shoplifting not because of poverty, there are several factors that makes people shoplift, such as Kleptomania, psychological factors, peer pressure, teens’ problem and drug users. All of the academic researches and government reports showed that most shoplifting cases are influenced by the shoplifter’s psychological factors more than poverty, such as the Steven Gerrard’s case, the reason for him committing shoplift was not due to poverty. This is why it may seem fair to say, shoplifting is not a crime born of poverty, it is a crime born of psychological factors and government policy. After all, the study of crime has been the core subject matter in criminology. There are no definite answers as to why people commit certain crimes neither has the causation been found for criminal activities. Different schools of criminology proves that there are no definite answers in the understanding of crime. References Appelbaum, A. and Klemmer, H. (2012) Shoplifting. Menninger Perspective, 5 (3), p.16-19. Bbc.co.uk (2012) BBC News Why do well-off people shoplift?. [online] Available at: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-16469928 [Accessed: 1 May 2012]. Bbc.co.uk (2010) BBC Mark Eastons UK: Is inequality iniquitous?. [online] Available at: http://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/thereporters/markeaston/2010/01/is_inequality_iniquitous.html [Accessed: 1 May 2012]. City-journal.org (2008) The New York Timess Welfare Myopia by Heather Mac Donald City Journal. [online] Available at: http://www.city-journal.org/2012/eon0416hm.html [Accessed: 1 May 2012]. Cox, D. et al. (1990) When Consumer Behavior Goes Bad: An Investigation of Adolescent Shoplifting.. Journal of Consumer Research, 17

Role of a Match Analyst

Role of a Match Analyst A professional observation was performed at Ware Football Club to critically assess the pre-game methods of research and notation, utilised by the match analyst (MA), who is employed to work with the first team. Wares first team currently competes in the Isthmian Division One North, which is seven divisions below the English Premier League. Match analysis contributes to performance in sport by helping athletes and coaches make informed choices, and has as a result, assumed a major role in the world of sport. Match analysis denotes the exploration of behavioural events which are objectively documented during competition (Carling, Williams Reilly, 2005). Its focus may be on the activeness of one particular player, or how the collection of actions of numerous players are integrated during the game. The analysis of one or both teams can be completed, as the behaviour when attacking and defending can be adapted (Carling et al, 2005). This is particularly beneficial for the match analyst as due to the nature of non-league football, full match highlights of opposition games are limited. This allows the analyst to not only gauge important information about an upcoming team, but also gain an insight into an opponent that Ware are not due to immediately play. A description of the teams tactical pattern of play may be an outcome of the analysis. Tactical analysis is the area in which the match analyst specialises in. Tactical analysis is associated with tactics and strategy. A strategy can be defined as attempting to limit the effects of any weaknesses, while making best use of the persons/teams strengths, in a plan which has been established prior to competition (ODonoghue, 2009). Match statistics and/or video footage are ways in which information can be gathered on upcoming opponents (Carling et al, 2005). Highlighted areas in which coaches could collate match statistics on include for example; the tendencies in the distribution of the opposition goalkeeper, the delivery area preference for corner kicks or whether a team utilises long throws. A scout or an observer can watch the opponents matches and collect the aforementioned data. The coaches who are shown to be more successful in taking advantage of the opponents weaknesses while neutralising their strengths are those who have been better advised about the strategy and tactics employed by upcoming opponents (Carling et al, 2005). The MA however, performs the analysis qualitatively by solely describing areas he deems need to be highlighted rather than a notational collation of match statistics. Carling, Williams Reilly (2009) suggest that this area is surprisingly overlooked within the literature, as emphasis is placed by coaches on their own teams recent performance opposed to that of upcoming opponents. However, in contrast, the setup at Ware allows the analyst to have considerable influence on match days with the data he received from analysing the opposition, particularly with set pieces and individual player instructions regarding characteristics of the opposition. Preparation wise, the analyst does organise himself sufficiently as the literature would advise (Carling et al, 2005). The analyst obtains a fixture list of all of Wares matches, which he organises so he can choose to watch a date of a fixture between a team that Ware are next due to face. Before arriving, the analyst studies information such as a predicted team line-up to familiarise himself with the opposition players. Other basic factors such as arriving to the stadium in good time and choosing an optimal observation position are also highlighted, which the analyst succeeds in professionally achieving. Notational analysis is the method in which these events are accurately and objectively recorded. In the eyes of spectators, viewpoints of matches are often conflicting. Some may differ about what happened while other viewpoints may be wholly incorrect. This is due to highly selective human perception and subconscious bias (Patton, 2002). Individuals may see the game from a partisan viewpoint and as such bring their bias to the game. It has been shown that even the best coaches fail to realise where mistakes were made or appreciate where successful plays began and often, are unable to recall sequences of events correctly (Laird Waters, 2008). If the system of analysis is adapted to the level of play with the data collection methods being reliable and objective, then notational analysis should provide a near enough factual record. The MA utilises a pen and paper based system the most commonly employed (Carling et al, 2005) and includes a limited form of shorthand notation featuring a ction codes and tally marks. Once the game has begun, the analyst does not proceed to take any notes within the first 20 minutes, as he feels that it is more beneficial if he can focus solely on the development of the game. The theory behind this is that critical events and distinctive portions of a competition such as exceptional performances and controversial decisions are often easily remembered by coaches and spectators, while non-critical events are likely to be forgotten (Hughes Franks, 2015). This is both inaccurate and unreliable as a subjective observation process, even for experienced football coaches who have been shown to recall a mere 59.2% of critical events that occur over the course a 45-minute half (Laird Waters, 2008). This inexact ability to recall critical events can lead to a distortion of the coachs perception of performance by events they can remember also referred to as highlighting (Hughes Bartlett, 2008). This form of highlighting, can cause an inaccurate viewpoint of the game in total, particularly when coupled with a personal bias and the emotions of the observer (Hughes Franks, 2004). Summaries of studies involving eyewitness statements of crime can provide some explanations of inaccuracies which may be relevant to the subjective observation of competitive performance (Maslovat Franks, 2008). These explanations revolved around errors in attentional focus, observer bias and an increase in arousal level. Ultimately this lack of accuracy has a knock on effect within both decision making and coaching feedback. This can be improved by utilising video data, which provides unbiased, comprehensive and objective information (James, 2006; Hughes Bartlett, 2008). Furthermore, using a combination of computer and video technologies enable coaches to use functions such as slow-motion and replay which results in a reviewable, retrievable and unbiased analysis of individual and team performance (Lee, 2011). Areas of strengths and weaknesses can then be highlighted based on the selected performance indicators, providing an exhaustive representation of what can be anticipated in forthcoming matches (Carling et al, 2005). In training, these formulated strategies can then be worked on and analysed by the coach. The usefulness of trying out some of these performance aspects (such as using different formations utilising short corner kicks) and behavioural aspects (attitude and commitment) can be evaluated by the teams, and influence team selection (Carling et al, 2005). A performance indicator (PI) is defined as representing some relevant and important aspect of play (ODonoghue, 2009). PIs have been widely used within a coaching context (Hughes et al, 2012) and the academic literature (McGarry, ODonoghue Sampaio, 2013). As football is such a dynamic and multi-faceted sport, it has become very difficult to objectively and universally define PIs. As such, PIs of importance will differ from one coach to another (Hughes et al, 2012). Within these academic (Mackenzie Cushion, 2012, Hughes et al 2012) and practical (Wright, Atkins Jones, 2012; Wright, Carling Collins, 2014) areas of interest there has been a development of the expression Key Performance Indicators (KPI). These KPIs are judged to be more narrowly associated with success for teams or individuals than basic PIs (Wright et al, 2014). Although the PIs and KPIs used by the analyst appear to be mainly in line with the literature, such as aerial strength, tackling ability, reading the game and pressing for central defenders for example (Carling, 2005), there is also an emphasis placed by the analyst on the range of passing in this position. This is an interesting KPI which does not seem to be consistent with what would be expected of this particular position in the literature (Hughes et al, 2012; Carling, 2005). One reason may be that because the analyst has experience in the non-league, if a central defender can play accurate long balls it is a perceived as a good offensive tool for the opposition due to the more direct nature of non-league football in comparison to professional football. It has been shown that analysts and coaches may use the term KPI, to characterise a feature of their playing philosophy/strategy that they perceive as central to their success (Wright et al 2012; Wright et al 2014). As aforementioned, the analyst should devise a quantitative notational system adapted to that standard of play. Utilising straightforward analyses (conversion rates and simple frequency counts) helps to supply a snapshot of performance as a whole, and is of the highest significance to working match analysts within an elite setting (Carling, Wright, Nelson Bradley, 2013). This will eliminate the various issues surrounding the current subjective nature of the analysis. This should begin on the commencement of the game, instead of after 20 minutes where a considerable amount of data is already lost. In addition, combining video and computer technologies enables post-event analysis to produce unbiased, reviewable and retrievable analysis of team and individual performances. PIs should be discussed with the coach and while these can vary from coach to coach (Hughes et al, 2012) it is important not to deviate too much away from the norms.

Robert E. Lee Essay -- essays research papers fc

In 2003, Roy Blount Jr. published the book Robert E. Lee through the Penguin Group Inc. This book is different then other books published about Lee due to the fact that this book looks behind the man in uniform, and shows how Lee became the legend that we know today. Blount brings an element of humor that some would not expect to find when writing about Lee. Through this type of writing, Lee transforms into the everyday person who we all can relate to.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Blount takes the reader through the life of Robert E. Lee. However, Blount dances to a different beat while telling the story of Lee. There are some details about Lee that have been overlooked or ignored by other writers that Blount made prominent in this biography. One of these is Lee’s humor when it comes to the word â€Å"Pussyism† (57). This word was used when referring to the Oxford movement in the Church of England. Lee walked into conservation between two junior officers and declared, â€Å"Beware of Pussyism! Pussyism is always bad, and may lead to unchristian feeling; therefore beware of Pussyism!†(58). Lee is brought alive into the readers mind by this type of humor.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Blount begins the journey through Lee’s life with Lee’s father, Henry â€Å"Light Horse Harry† Lee. Henry was a Revolutionary War hero who went bankrupt and disgraced the Lee name. When Robert was a young child his father went to Baltimore to assist in the defense of a newspaper that was opposed to the war o...

Satellite Radio and Howard Stern Essay examples -- essays research pap

Satellite Radio: Will Howard Stern's move make us change the way we think about radio? Howard Stern's plan to move to satellite radio in January 2006 marks a major turning point for the radio industry. Not only has Stern brought the  possibility of subscribing to satellite radio into the minds of the millions in his audience, he has also gotten more people to start thinking and talking about what really distinguishes satellite radio from traditional radio. Satellite radio was first authorized by the Federal Communication Commission (FCC) in 1997, seven years after initial applications. The delay in approval was in part the result of protests by the National Association of Broadcasters which charged that the service threatened "traditional American values of community cohesion and local identity." Ironically, as these charges were being made, traditional radio was becoming nationalized through use of more national programming and industry  consolidation under Clear Channel Communications and Infinity Broadcasting.  The FCC dealt with these issues by restricting satellite radio to only national programming. Essentially this rule minimizes competition with traditional radio stations that only reach local markets and get the majority of their revenue from local advertisers. Despite there currently being very few small, independent, local broadcasters to protect, this remains the most significant regulation on satellite radio.[1] Today there are two main players in the satellite radio business: Sirius and XM. Though Sirius signed Stern, XM is currently the leader in terms of  subscribers. Both companies have neared bankruptcy at various points in their short history, and both have yet to make a profit. By signing Stern for $500 million over five years, Sirius must gain at least one million subscribers to pay this commitment.[2] Clearly satellite radio has a long way to go, but with steady growth and high-profile contracts (not only with  radio personalities, but with car companies who now install satellite radio  equipment in all new cars), the future remains wide open. Satellite radio is subscription-based, commercial-free, and largely unregulated. This last point appears to be the main draw for Stern. Since  the infamous Super Bowl incident this year, there have been calls for significantly expanding FCC indecency re... ...quot; due to his success with radio, books, television, and movies, but whether his kingdom will extend to satellite radio is yet to be seen. Free  speech is one of the key rights Americans have, but this right has always been in some degree of conflict with decency laws. The progressively stringent restrictions on the content of traditional radio have gotten so extreme in the past few years that, perhaps, finally they have gone too far. Listeners will soon wake up to the reality that what they want to hear in the morning has moved and in order to maintain their rights they must move too. If this is the case and audiences truly value "free listening," satellite radio will mark the end of traditional radio as we know it. [1] http://slate.msn.com/id/2097247/ [2] http://money.cnn.com/2004/10/06/news/newsmakers/stern sirius/ [3] see [2] [4] http://www.forbes.com/feeds/ap/2004/10/06/ap1578735.html [5] http://www.forbes.com/business/2004/10/06/cx sw 1006stern.html?partner=rss [6] Telecommunications Act of 1996 Â § 507 [7] Being commercial-free and having a wider selection of programming in many areas are also deemed to be significant advantages of satellite radio.

Music Appreciation Unit One Lab Questions

1.Describe some of the influence of Latin music in the US in the early part of the twentieth century. In the early part of the twentieth century, Latin music influenced the creation of a new type of music, Afro-Cuban Jazz.2.What was the significance of â€Å"Machito and His Afro-Cubans†? â€Å"Machito and His Afro-Cubans† created the genre of Afro-Cuban Jazz and created a bridge between the two cultures, and found success with white people.3.How did Dizzy Gillespie incorporate Latin music into his music? Dizzy Gillespie invited a player from Cuba named Chano, and the two of them worked together.4.What was the Palladium?Palladium was located in mid-town Manhattan. It was a former dance studio, but it was transformed into the home of the Mambo.5.How did the television and films increase the exposure of the US to Latin music? The television and films increased the exposure of the US to Latin music, because it allowed the public to slowly become familiarized with it. Televi sion shows like â€Å"I Love Lucy† showed that white women and Cuban men could be together. Due to the fact that the men were Cuban, they also played their music on the show as well. 6.How did Latin music influence rock music?Latin music influenced rock music they both had the same chord progression, bass lines and rhythms. 7.Why do you think Latin music had such a great influence on the development of popular music? I believe that the reason why Latin Music had such a great influence on the development of popular music, is because it was new, and its upbeat rhythms made it easy to listen to and encouraged people to dance and have a great time. 8.Do you think that any of the music that you listen to has Latin influences? Why or why not? Yes, I do believe that Latin music has influenced the music I listen to. I listen to Latin artists such as Pitbull, and I enjoy his music very much. At the same time, I listen to a lot of upbeat rhythm songs that have somewhat of a Latin feel to them.

Jane Austen – Sense and Sensibility

Class, society, and politics in the home, on an interpersonal level among the characters, are themes of outmost importance in the novel â€Å"Sense and Sensibility† by Jane Austen. In this short essay, we shall discuss these themes in relation to the characters, as presented in the novel. Austen presents these social conditions throughout the story, as they were dominant in the society of her time. Laws surrounding inheritance, and property, social etiquette, and money matters in a time were gender limitations were very apparent, signified a person's position in the social scale. The Dashwood women, as they appear in â€Å"Sense and sensibility†, suddenly find themselves in a humiliating situation, when the mother, Mrs. Dashwood, becomes a widow. They were immediately cast into a dire situation. They were deprived of their estate and income when Mr. John Dashwood, became the legitimate heir of all of Mr. Dashwood's fortune, and decided not to support the Dashwood women financially. Mrs. Dashwood and her three daughters, Marianne, Elinor and Margaret had no entitlement to any of Mr. Dashwood's wealth. Having no income resources, they depended on John's charity for support. This was a standard practice of the eighteenth century legal system. In Victorian times, women had, by law, no rights on property. They were seen as dependent on men not only to survive, but also in order to keep their status and respectability. Class divisions, social status and the struggle for its gaining and maintenance are important themes in the novel. All characters in the story come from wealthy, upper class backgrounds. They all belong to high society and their interests and occupations imply this. Sir John Middleton seems to symbolise the best of upper class society. Like the majority of upper class people, his occupation and marital status defined his high position within his social circle. His occupation is hunting, his wealth is inherited, and his wife's only occupation is to raise children. Lady Middleton gathers all the characteristics of the ideal upper class woman: she stays in the home, marries, and is very formal and extremely polite, perhaps to the point of irritation. Characters constantly seem to compete for financial and social power. Inherited wealth is presented as the trademark of high social status. The Dashwood women become deprived of both. As a result they are driven into hardship when they have to give up their house in Norland and all its comforts and luxuries and move to smaller, less luxurious premises in Devonshire. By using this relocation theme, Jane Austen could imply their descent from a high social position to a lower one. It seems almost as if the Dashwoods were â€Å"expelled† from Norland's â€Å"paradise† to Barton Cottage's â€Å"hell† merely because of their female nature. In Austen's world, being a woman in a man's world is a harsh, cruel reality. Marriage for status is an issue of great importance in Sense and Sensibility†. It was seen as a common way in order to gain status. What is more, it was not seen as a choice, but a necessity. Men would seek status through inheritance and/or a wealthy marriage. Edward Ferrars is a typical example of this type of a man in the story. Women would not only opt for handsome and educated men, but mainly for wealthy ones, like Lucy Steele. Wealthier women were also more likely to be legitimate for marriage depending on the dowries they could offer. This put Marianne and Elinor in immediate disadvantage to other women in the novel (i.e. the Steele ladies), and subsequent pressure, in terms of their legitimacy. Their strife for successful marriages mainly stemmed from a desire for social settlement and a restoration of their loss of status. However, in Marianne's case, the main motive for marriage seems to be love (sensibility) and not money (sense), unlike Elinor. Nevertheless, she seems to be almost pushed in a â€Å"proper† marriage with Colonel Brandon in the end. Men seem to have a lot more space for manoeuvering through suppressive social rules than women do in the novel. Society appears to allow them more freedom in marriage and age issues; Colonel Brandon makes a good example in this case. His advanced age did not eventually stop him from getting married to Marianne. In Jane Austen's world as presented in the novel, social integration and acceptance depends on one's status and his/her sensible, controlled behaviour. There seems to be very little room for individuality and deviance. Elinor, Edward Ferrars and the Middletons make fine examples of sensible, controlled characters. As Austen describes: â€Å"Elinor †¦possessed a strength of understanding, and coolness of judgment†¦She had an excellent heart; her disposition was affectionate, and her feelings were strong: but she knew how to govern them† (p4-5). Edward's propriety and the Middletons' formality also signify their extreme level of political correctness and adherence to strict codes of conduct in order to be accepted in society. Social etiquette, formal code of conduct, and discretion to the point of concealment of one's feelings, are also important features in the novel. Desire for social advancement is also evident. Mrs. John Dashwood, for example, was fast to install herself â€Å"mistress of Norland†. In the struggle for financial and social power, women appear to act within their own sphere of action: the home. Women like Mrs. J. Dashwood and Mrs. Ferrars, use domestic and financial politics to ensure their control over situations, within and outside their home environment. Financial and domestic politics seem to be the only means women can use to have their own way in the world of the novel. Ironically enough, even though the story is set in a male-dominated society, the male characters possess little power over women like, for example, Mrs. J. Dashwood and Mrs. Smith and Ferrars. In terms of politics in the home environment, it almost seems as if under the surface of a male-dominated society, what is actually going on is beyond what eyes can see. Austen successfully conveys this idea.

Systematic Review Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Systematic Review - Article Example An ethical leader has to ensure that the employees in these organizations have clear policies documented clearly. The other problem is that an organization’s cultural environment can be challenging when it comes to ethical leadership. For examples, employees who notice serious problems might be afraid report ethical wrongs for fear of being noted as whistle blowers. Managers in such organizations need to be effective ethical leaders who can communicate well to employees to boost their willingness to speak up (Piccolo et al., 2010). Rousseau (2006) also notes this problem on page 261, when she argues that supervisors, who make too much use of their threats and punishment as a behavioral modification tool, do not make better leaders. Practicing ethical leadership requires consistency and being consistent with ethical rules. This is the other problem for most managers. Ethical leadership serves as an example to employees, because it shows their leaders stand by the set organizati onal values (Piccolo et al., 2010). According to Rousseau, it is only when managers gain an understanding of the principles that govern an organization, that they are able to repeat it over time and act as an example for their employees (2006, p. 261). In the problems presented above, practitioners are likely to have questions about them because they might have conflicting ideas. One of the questions that may arise would be: how can organizations formulate ethical policies? This question may give conflicting answers to different practitioners. How can managers promote consistency as ethical leaders? This is the other question. To promote consistency in managers, some may argue that managers need to illustrate a good example by following all rules. Others may argue that the consistency of a manager’s ethical standards is only possible when he or she following certain set rules while avoiding others. Piccolo, R., Greenbaum, R., Folger, R., & Hartog, D. A. (2010). The

Freedom of press versus rights of privacy Essay

Freedom of press versus rights of privacy - Essay Example has become easier to invade into the privacy of others, and it is here that issues related to the invasion of the press also arises significantly (Bridegam 2009). In general there are law in most countries and states to support the rights of privacy for the public. Such laws try to maintain a balance between the rights of privacy of individuals and the freedom of the media or press that causes public interests as well (Invasion of Privacy n.d.). The matter of fact is that the acts of invasion by the press or the media cause harmful experiences for the individuals whose privacies are invaded. For example in case a newspaper prints a nude picture of a woman, particularly without her consent, then the newspaper acts as a wrongdoer affecting the life of the woman. Privacy could be valued if the press and the media sources would prevent from harming the personal space and affairs of individuals (Solove 2004). While several researchers have been interested in the topic and have done significant research to understand the issues raised in relation to freedom of press and rights of privacy, there are several policies as well that have been developed over the recent years concerning the various issues. Open data policy is one such policy that has been developed over the recent years for the protection and management of essential information sources and maintains the privacy of the same. However this particular study is focused on theories and theoretical studies that have been conducted on the concerned topic and hence determines the issues and solutions to freedom of press against the rights of privacy. The rights to privacy have unnerved the way the press and the media always intend to intervene into the privacy of lives. The rights to privacy focus on giving privacy to individuals and allow them to be left alone. The rights of privacy have become an emergency in the present times causing concern for the press rights and their fare acts in the near future. However

Incarcerations effects on families Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Incarcerations effects on families - Term Paper Example Now there is a new category for incarceration, debtors, even for very small debts. In a bid for increased corporate welfare, businesses in some states (Illinois, Georgia, Louisiana, Ohio, Washington, for example) enlist the police, sheriff, and court system to imprison those who owe money and are not paying it quickly enough. A recent news article told about the case of Lisa Lindsay, a breast cancer survivor who ignored a $280 medical bill she was told was in error and not owed. A collection agency got jurisdiction over it and Illinois state troopers took her to jail in handcuffs (Sherter, 2012). In more than one third of the states in America, many poverty-stricken seniors, veterans, mothers, fathers, and the unemployed have been locked up in prison for the flimsiest of reasons, being unable to settle even the tiniest of debts. The marginalized poor are being increasingly criminalized. It is not the assumption of this paper that incarceration is totally without merit. There are peop le whose thinking is so distorted and whose actions are so dangerous that society must be protected from victimization. On the other hand, a rapidly rising prison population, unrepresentative of socioeconomic and racial parameters of the general population, and in comparison to the incarceration/population ratios of other countries, suggests a possibility that the USA criminal justice system is failing to solve crime through incarceration, and is worsening the situation. Incarcerating a person who is found to have broken the law removes a single threat from the street, perhaps, but there are less visible outcomes this paper intends to consider. Incarcerated prisoners, on any given day, represent more than 500,000 families being impacted by incarceration (Hairston, 1991). Those families need to be strongly bonded and assisted by personal and community networks. Maintaining strong family ties has been found to support prisoner and family mental health, increase the probability that th e prisoner will have a family to return to after prison, and reduce the probability that the prisoner, once released, will have to return to prison for probation violations or other criminal activity (Hairston, 1991). In support of strengthening family ties, prisons are beginning to implement more generous family communication policies, marital and private family visits, children’s centers in the prison, and prison visitor hospitality houses. Families of prisoners are organizing to advocate for conditions and services that support prison families (Hairston, 1991). A lot more is needed, however, not only to provide a strong family network for the prisoner, but especially to counter the profound negative effects of incarceration on other members of the family. The effects of parent incarceration on children is a significant social issue because 56% of all state prisoners have minor children, and the majority of incarcerated adults are, in fact, state prisoners (Lengyel, 2006). Separation from an incarcerated father, the stigma attached to the incarceration, and deceptions played on the child around that incarceration have reportedly been associated with emergent aggressive and antisocial behavior, particularly in the sons of